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Security of solar radiation management geoengineering

Andrew LOCKLEY

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年 第6卷 第1期   页码 102-116 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0008-5

摘要：

Solar Radiation Management (SRM) geoengineering is a proposed response to anthropogenic global warming (AGW) (National Academy of Sciences, 2015). There may be profound – even violent – disagreement on preferred temperature. SRM disruption risks dangerous temperature rise (termination shock). Concentrating on aircraft-delivered Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI), we appraise threats to SRM and defense methodologies. Civil protest and minor cyberattacks are almost inevitable but are manageable (unless state-sponsored). Overt military attacks are more disruptive, but unlikely – although superpowers’ symbolic overt attacks may deter SRM. Unattributable attacks are likely, and mandate use of widely-available weapons. Risks from unsophisticated weapons are therefore higher. An extended supply chain is more vulnerable than a secure airbase – necessitating supply-chain hardening. Recommendations to improve SRM resilience include heterogeneous operations from diverse, secure, well-stocked bases (possibly ocean islands or aircraft carriers); and avoidance of single-point-of-failure risks (e.g. balloons). A distributed, civilian-operated system offers an alternative strategy. A multilateral, consensual SRM approach reduces likely attack triggers.

关键词： security     geoengineering     solar radiation ma-nagement     SRM    

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Distributed governance of Solar Radiation Management geoengineering: A possible solution to SRM’s “free-driver

Andrew LOCKLEY

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年 第6卷 第4期   页码 551-556 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0055-y

摘要： Geoengineering (deliberate climate modification) is a possible way to limit Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) (Shepherd, 2009; National Research Council, 2015). Solar Radiation Management geoengineering (SRM) offers relatively inexpensive, rapid temperature control. However, this low cost leads to a risk of controversial unilateral intervention—the “free-driver” problem (Weitzman, 2015). Consequently, this creates a risk of counter-geoengineering (deliberate warming) (Parker et al., 2018), resulting in governance challenges (Svoboda, 2017) akin to an arms race. Free-driver deployment scenarios previously considered include the rogue state, Greenfinger (Bodansky, 2013), or power blocs (Ricke et al., 2013), implying disagreement and conflict. We propose a novel distributed governance model of consensually-constrained unilateralism: Countries’ authority is limited to each state’s fraction of the maximum realistic intervention (e.g., pre-industrial temperature). We suggest a division of authority based on historical emissions (Rocha et al., 2015)—noting alternatives (e.g., population). To aid understanding, we offer an analogue: An over-heated train carriage, with passenger-controlled windows. We subsequently discuss the likely complexities, notably Coasian side-payments. Finally, we suggest further research: Algebraic, bot and human modeling; and observational studies.

关键词： geoengineering     Solar Radiation Management     governance     decentralised    

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Geoengineering and the blockchain: Coordinating Carbon Dioxide Removal and Solar Radiation Management

Andrew LOCKLEY, Zhifu MI, D’Maris COFFMAN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年 第6卷 第1期   页码 38-51 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0010-y

摘要：

Geoengineering is a proposed response to anthropogenic global warming (AGW). Conventionally it consists of two strands: Solar Radiation Management (SRM), which is fast-acting, incomplete but inexpensive, and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR), which is slower acting, more expensive, and comprehensive. Pairing SRM and CDR offers a contractually complete solution for future emissions if effectively-scaled and coordinated. SRM offsets warming, while CDR takes effect. We suggest coordination using a blockchain, i.e. smart contracts and a distributed ledger. Specifically, we integrate CDR futures with time and volume-matched SRM orders, to address emissions contractually before release. This provides an economically and environmentally proportionate solution to CO2 emissions at the wellhead, with robust contractual transparency, and minimal overhead cost.

关键词： Geoengineering     Solar Radiation Management     Carbon Dioxide Removal     futures markets     smart contracts     blockchain    

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Analysis of radiation heat transfer and temperature distributions of solar thermochemical reactor for

Bachirou GUENE LOUGOU, Yong SHUAI, Xiang CHEN, Yuan YUAN, Heping TAN, Huang XING

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第4期   页码 480-492 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0506-2

摘要： This paper investigated radiation heat transfer and temperature distributions of solar thermochemical reactor for syngas production using the finite volume discrete ordinate method (fvDOM) and P1 approximation for radiation heat transfer. Different parameters including absorptivity, emissivity, reflection based radiation scattering, and carrier gas flow inlet velocity that would greatly affect the reactor thermal performance were sufficiently investigated. The fvDOM approximation was used to obtain the radiation intensity distribution along the reactor. The drop in the temperature resulted from the radiation scattering was further investigated using the P1 approximation. The results indicated that the reactor temperature difference between the P1 approximation and the fvDOM radiation model was very close under different operating conditions. However, a big temperature difference which increased with an increase in the radiation emissivity due to the thermal non-equilibrium was observed in the radiation inlet region. It was found that the incident radiation flux distribution had a strong impact on the temperature distribution throughout the reactor. This paper revealed that the temperature drop caused by the boundary radiation heat loss should not be neglected for the thermal performance analysis of solar thermochemical reactor.

关键词： solar thermochemical reactor     incident radiation flux     temperature distribution     radiation absorptivity     radiation emissivity     thermal performance analysis    

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Theoretical study on flow and radiation in tubular solar photocatalytic reactor

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第3期   页码 687-699 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0773-9

摘要： In this paper, based on the mixture flow model, an optimized six-flux model is first established and applied to the tubular solar photocatalytic reactor. Parameters influencing photocatalyst distribution and radiation distribution at the reactor outlet, viz. catalyst concentration and circulation speed, are also analyzed. It is found that, at the outlet of the reactor, the optimized six-flux model has better performances (the energy increase by 1900% and 284%, respectively) with a higher catalyst concentration (triple) and a lower speed (one third).

关键词： photocatalytic hydrogen photoreactor     nume- rical simulation     solar energy     flow model     radiation model    

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Design and analysis of Salisbury screens and Jaumann absorbers for solar radiation absorption

Xing FANG, C. Y. ZHAO, Hua BAO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第1期   页码 158-168 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0542-6

摘要： Two types of resonance absorbers, i.e., Salisbury screens and Jaumann absorbers are systematically investigated in solar radiation absorption. Salisbury screen is a metal-dielectric-metal structure which overcomes the drawback of bulky thickness for solar spectrum. Such structures have a good spectral selective absorption property, which is also insensitive to incident angles and polarizations. To further broaden absorption bandwidth, more metal and dielectric films are taken in the structure to form Jaumann absorbers. To design optimized structural parameters, the admittance matching equations have been derived in this paper to give good initial structures, which are valuable for the following optimization. Moreover, the analysis of admittance loci has been conducted to directly show the effect of each layer on the spectral absorptivity, and then the effect of thin films is well understood. Since the fabrication of these layered absorbers is much easier than that of other nanostructured absorbers, Salisbury screen and Jaumann absorbers have a great potential in large-area applications.

关键词： thin films     admittance loci     solar absorber    

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Numerical simulation and experiment research of radiation performance in a dish solar collector system

Yong SHUAI, Xinlin XIA, Heping TAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第4期   页码 488-495 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0007-z

摘要： The Monte Carlo ray-tracing method is applied and coupled with optical properties to predict the radiation performance of solar concentrator/cavity receiver systems. Several different cavity geometries are compared on the radiation performance. A flux density distribution measurement system for dish parabolic concentrators is developed. The contours of the flux distribution for target placements at different distances from the dish vertex of a solar concentrator are taken by using an indirect method with a Lambert and a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. Further, the measured flux distributions are compared with a Monte Carlo-predicted distribution. The results can be a valuable reference for the design and assemblage of the solar collector system.

关键词： Monte Carlo method     solar energy     radiation performance     cavity receiver    

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Smart model for accurate estimation of solar radiation

Lazhar ACHOUR, Malek BOUHARKAT, Ouarda ASSAS, Omar BEHAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第2期   页码 383-399 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0505-3

摘要： Prediction of solar radiation has drawn increasing attention in the recent years. This is because of the lack of solar radiation measurement stations. In the present work, 14 solar radiation models have been used to assess monthly global solar radiation on a horizontal surface as function of three parameters: extraterrestrial solar irradiance ( ), duration sunshine ( ) and daylight hours ( ). Since it has been observed that each model is adequate for some months of the year, one model cannot be used for the prediction of the whole year. Therefore, a smart hybrid system is proposed which selects, based on the intelligent rules, the most suitable prediction model of the 14 models listed in this study. For the test and evaluation of the proposed models, Tamanrasset city, which is located in the south of Algeria, is selected for this study. The meteorological data sets of five years (2000–2004) have been collected from the Algerian National Office of Meteorology (NOM), and two spatial databases. The results indicate that the new hybrid model is capable of predicting the monthly global solar radiation, which offers an excellent measuring accuracy of values ranging from 93% to 97% in this location.

关键词： global solar radiation     statistical indicator     hybrid model     spatial database     correlation coefficients    

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Distribution and temporal variability of the solar resource at a site in south-east Norway

Muyiwa S. ADARAMOLA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年 第10卷 第4期   页码 375-381 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0426-6

摘要： Globally, solar energy is expected to play a significant role in the changing face of energy economies in the near future. However, the variability of this resource has been the main barrier for solar energy development in most locations around the world. This paper investigated the distribution and variability of solar radiation using the a 10-year (2006 to 2015) data collected at Sørås meteorological station located at latitude 59° 39′ N and longitude 10° 47′E, about 93.3 m above sea level (about 30 km from Oslo), in south-eastern part of Norway. It is found that on annual basis, the total number of days with a global solar radiation of less than 1 kWh/(m ·d) is 120 days while the total number of days with an expected global solar radiation greater than 3 kWh/(m ·d) is 156 days (42.74%) per year. The potential energy output from a horizontally placed solar collector in these 156 days is approximately 75% of the estimated annual energy output. In addition, it is found that the inter-annual coefficient of variation of the global solar radiation is 4.28%, while that of diffuse radiation is 4.96%.

关键词： coefficient of variation     global solar radiation     diffuse ratio     albedo     PV energy systems    

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Correlations for estimating solar radiation using sunshine hours and temperature measurement in Osogbo

O. S. OHUNAKIN, M. S. ADARAMOLA, O. M. OYEWOLA, R. O. FAGBENLE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年 第7卷 第2期   页码 214-222 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0241-2

摘要： In this study, the global solar radiation on horizontal surface in Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria was analyzed using 11-year data (1997–2007). Correlations using linear and quadratic expressions were developed to relate the global solar radiation on horizontal surface based on relative sunshine hours and temperature measurements for evaluating the monthly average daily global solar radiation. The calculated monthly clearness index values indicate that the prevailing weather condition in Osogbo is heavily overcast. All the developed quadratic correlations gave better correlation coefficients (0.834, 0.872 and 0.823 respectively) than the linear models. However, the Hargreaves and Samani related based quadratic model gave the best among the three developed quadratic expressions and is therefore suggested for estimating the monthly global radiation in this site and its surroundings.

关键词： global solar radiation     Hargreaves model     sunshine hour     ambient temperatures     Osogbo    

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An optimized solar-air degree-day method to evaluate energy demand for poultry buildings in different

Yang WANG, Baoming LI

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年 第7卷 第4期   页码 478-489 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019289

摘要：

The degree-day method is widely used to determine energy consumption but cannot be directly applied to poultry buildings without improvements in its accuracy. This study was designed to optimize the degree-day calculation and proposes a solar-air degree-day method, which can be used to calculate the cooling and heating degree-days and the annual cooling and heating loads under different climate conditions for poultry buildings. In this paper, the solar-air degree-day method was proposed, which considers the effects of solar radiation with different wall orientations and surface colors. Five Chinese cities, Harbin, Beijing, Chongqing, Kunming and Guangzhou, were selected to represent different climate zones to determine the solar-air degree-days. The heating and cooling energy requirements for different climates were compared by DeST (Designer’s Simulation Toolkit) simulation and the solar-air degree-day method. Approaches to decrease energy consumption were developed. The results showed that the maximum relative error was less than 10%, and the new method was not significantly different from the DeST simulation ( >0.05). The accuracy of calculating energy requirements was improved by the solar-air degree-day method in the different climate zones. Orientation and surface color effects on energy consumption need to be considered, and external walls of different orientations should have different surface colors.

关键词： base temperature     energy consumption     solar radiation     orientation     surface color    

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Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle

P. PADMAGIRISAN, V. SANKARANARAYANAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第2期   页码 296-306 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0605-8

摘要： This paper proposes a powertrain controller for a solar photovoltaic battery powered hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The main objective of the proposed controller is to ensure better battery management, load regulation, and maximum power extraction whenever possible from the photovoltaic panels. The powertrain controller consists of two levels of controllers named lower level controllers and a high-level control algorithm. The lower level controllers are designed to perform individual tasks such as maximum power point tracking, battery charging, and load regulation. The perturb and observe based maximum power point tracking algorithm is used for extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic panels while the battery charging controller is designed using a PI controller. A high-level control algorithm is then designed to switch between the lower level controllers based on different operating conditions such as high state of charge, low state of charge, maximum battery current, and heavy load by respecting the constraints formulated. The developed algorithm is evaluated using theoretical simulation and experimental studies. The simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed technique.

关键词： battery management system     hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)     maximum power point tracking (MPPT)     solar photovoltaic    

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Particle therapy for cancers: a new weapon in radiation therapy

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第2期   页码 165-172 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0196-4

摘要：

Particle irradiation started to draw attention in the past decade and has now become a hotspot in the radiation oncology community. This article reviews the most advanced developments in particle irradiation, focusing on the characteristics of proton and carbon ions in radiation physics and radiobiology. The Bragg peak of physical dose distribution causes proton and carbon beams to optimally meet the requirement for cancer irradiation because the Bragg peak permits the accurate concentration of the dose on the tumor, thus sparing the adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, carbon ion has more radiobiological benefits than photon and proton beams. These benefits include stronger sterilization effects on intrinsic radio-resistant tumors and more effective killing of hypoxic, G0, and S phase cells. Compared with the most advanced radiation techniques using photon, such as three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy, proton therapy has yielded more promising outcomes in local control and survival for head and neck cancers, prostate carcinoma, and pediatric cancers. Carbon therapy in Japan showed even more promising results than proton therapy. The local controls and overall survivals were as good as that treated by surgery in early stages of non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and head and neck cancers, especially for such highly resistant tumors as melanoma. The non-invasive nature of particle therapy affords more patients with chances to receive and benefit from treatment. Particle therapy is gradually getting attention from the oncology community. However, the cost of particle therapy facilities has limited the worldwide use of this technology.

关键词： radiation therapy     particle therapy     proton     carbon     cancer    

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动态热过程分析用建筑几何模型的构建

丁力行,何立群,陈祖铭,刘仙萍,季杰

《中国工程科学》 2010年 第12卷 第8期   页码 88-93

摘要：

建筑墙体表面的太阳直射辐射投影及辐射强度随时间发生很大变化，该变化在已有的动态热过程算法框架内很难直接计算。根据建筑传热模型特点和计算机图形学原理，构建了动态热过程的建筑几何模型，该模型将建筑空间抽象为由矢量平面围成的空间区域的集合；提出了建筑几何模型的核心计算方法，即三维空间内直线与表面的矢量运算。该建筑几何模型能解决建筑动态热过程中直接计算建筑墙体表面之间的太阳直射辐射换热和太阳直射辐射投影等问题，并对空气流通、楼房之间的相互遮阳和光污染等问题的研究也具有实际意义。

关键词： 建筑热过程     几何模型     太阳辐射    

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A method of determining flame radiation fraction induced by interaction burning of tri-symmetric propane

Jie JI, Junrui DUAN, Huaxian WAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 1017-1026 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0716-x

摘要： The interaction of multiple fires may lead to a higher flame height and more intense radiation flux than a single fire, which increases the possibility of flame spread and risks to the surroundings. Experiments were conducted using three burners with identical heat release rates (HRRs) and propane as the fuel at various spacings. The results show that flames change from non-merging to merging as the spacing decreases, which result in a complex evolution of flame height and merging point height. To facilitate the analysis, a novel merging criterion based on the dimensionless spacing / was proposed. For non-merging flames ( / >0.368), the flame height is almost identical to a single fire; for merging flames ( / ≤0.368), based on the relationship between thermal buoyancy and thrust (the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the flame), a quantitative analysis of the flame height, merging point height, and air entrainment was formed, and the calculated merging flame heights show a good agreement with the measured experimental values. Moreover, the multi-point source model was further improved, and radiation fraction of propane was calculated. The data obtained in this study would play an important role in calculating the external radiation of propane fire.

关键词： flame interaction     air entrainment     flame height     multi-point source model     thermal radiation    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Security of solar radiation management geoengineering

Andrew LOCKLEY

期刊论文

Distributed governance of Solar Radiation Management geoengineering: A possible solution to SRM’s “free-driver

Andrew LOCKLEY

期刊论文

Geoengineering and the blockchain: Coordinating Carbon Dioxide Removal and Solar Radiation Management

Andrew LOCKLEY, Zhifu MI, D’Maris COFFMAN

期刊论文

Analysis of radiation heat transfer and temperature distributions of solar thermochemical reactor for

Bachirou GUENE LOUGOU, Yong SHUAI, Xiang CHEN, Yuan YUAN, Heping TAN, Huang XING

期刊论文

Theoretical study on flow and radiation in tubular solar photocatalytic reactor

期刊论文

Design and analysis of Salisbury screens and Jaumann absorbers for solar radiation absorption

Xing FANG, C. Y. ZHAO, Hua BAO

期刊论文

Numerical simulation and experiment research of radiation performance in a dish solar collector system

Yong SHUAI, Xinlin XIA, Heping TAN

期刊论文

Smart model for accurate estimation of solar radiation

Lazhar ACHOUR, Malek BOUHARKAT, Ouarda ASSAS, Omar BEHAR

期刊论文

Distribution and temporal variability of the solar resource at a site in south-east Norway

Muyiwa S. ADARAMOLA

期刊论文

Correlations for estimating solar radiation using sunshine hours and temperature measurement in Osogbo

O. S. OHUNAKIN, M. S. ADARAMOLA, O. M. OYEWOLA, R. O. FAGBENLE

期刊论文

An optimized solar-air degree-day method to evaluate energy demand for poultry buildings in different

Yang WANG, Baoming LI

期刊论文

Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle

P. PADMAGIRISAN, V. SANKARANARAYANAN

期刊论文

Particle therapy for cancers: a new weapon in radiation therapy

null

期刊论文

动态热过程分析用建筑几何模型的构建

丁力行,何立群,陈祖铭,刘仙萍,季杰

期刊论文

A method of determining flame radiation fraction induced by interaction burning of tri-symmetric propane

Jie JI, Junrui DUAN, Huaxian WAN

期刊论文